Ukwehluleka kwezinzwa ezinhlelweni zokupholisa kubangela izingozi eziyingozi zokusebenza. Ukugijima okomile kuvamise ukucekela phansi amaphampu abizayo emizuzwini embalwa. Izitsha ezichichimayo zimosha izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi futhi zidale izingozi ezibalulekile. Amazinga aphansi angabonakali avame ukuphoqa ukuvalwa kokushisa kwingqalasizinda ebalulekile, okuphazamisa ukusebenza okubalulekile. Ukusethwa kokupholisa okuhwamukayo kuletha izimo ezinokhahlo ezihlukile kuma-elekthronikhi azwelayo. Kufanele uphendule ngesilinganiso esinzima samaminerali lapho ukhetha izingxenye. Ukunyakaziswa koketshezi oluqhubekayo kwehlisa ukunemba kokulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo. Ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nomthamo wamakhemikhali anolaka kuhlasela izinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ukuthembela kuzingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziyisisekelo ngokuvamile kuholela ekuhlulekeni kwesistimu eyinhlekelele phakathi nenani eliphakeme lesidingo sasehlobo. Sakhe lo mhlahlandlela njengohlaka olusebenza kahle, olugxile kwezobunjiniyela. Uzofunda ukuthi ungahlola kanjani futhi wenze uhlu olufushane ubuchwepheshe benzwa obufanele kahle. Sisekela lezi zinqumo ezidingweni eziqinile zohlelo lokusebenza kanye nokwethembeka okuqinisekisiwe kwesikhathi eside. Indlela yethu iqeda ukuqagela esigabeni sokuklama esibalulekile. Ungasebenzisa le migomo kukho kokubili amayunithi ezentengiselwano amancane kanye nokufakwa kokupholisa okukhulu kwezimboni.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
Ukukhetha i inzwa yezinga lamanzi apholile ahwamukayo idinga ukulinganisa izindleko zangaphambili ngokumelene namaqiniso okugcinwa kokukalwa kanye nokungcoliswa kwebhayoloji.
Izinzwa ezingathinteki noma eziqinile (i-capacitive, optical, ultrasonic) zinikeza ukwethembeka okuphezulu kwesikhathi eside kunamaswishi emishini yokuntanta evamile ezindaweni zokupholisa ezinzima.
Ukuhlanganisa amaphuzu edatha ngokusebenzisa okuhlanganisiwe izinga lamanzi kanye nenzwa yokushisa ye-NTC inciphisa inkimbinkimbi yokufaka kanye nezingozi zokungaphumeleli.
Isikhungo sedatha kanye nezicelo zombhoshongo wokupholisa wezimboni zidinga ukubambelela ngokuqinile ekusebenzisaneni kwezinto (isb, i-PTFE/Insimbi Engagqwali) kanye namasiginali athile okukhiphayo wokuhlanganiswa kwe-BMS (Isistimu Yokulawula Isakhiwo).
Ukuhlonza Izinselele Zemvelo Yesistimu Yokupholisa
Okuqukethwe kwezimbiwa okuphezulu kudala izinkinga ezisheshayo zemishini yokupholisa. Amanzi aqinile ashiya amadiphozithi e-calcium esindayo ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Lokhu kukala kuvala ukuxhumana ngogesi. Iphinde ihlanganise izingxenye ezihambayo kumaswishi emishini eyisisekelo. Ukukhula kolwelwe kwenza imvelo ibe nzima nakakhulu. Amafilimu ebhayoloji amboza inzwa ngokushesha ezindaweni ezifudumele. Bavimba ukudluliswa kwesignali ye-optical futhi bafake ama-thermal probes. Kufanele siphathe lezi zinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi njengemingcele yesakhiwo esiyinhloko. Awukwazi ukumane ufake ingxenye evamile futhi ulindele ukuphila kwesikhathi eside ezinhlelweni ezivulekile.
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili kwethula uketshezi olukhulu. Ukudlidliza kwabalandeli kugeleza ngamandla ku-chassis ekhuphukayo. Lawa mandla aphathekayo athinta ngokuqondile ukunemba kwezinzwa. Bavame ukudala ukufundwa okungamanga noma amasiginali 'okushaya'. Indawo engazinzile ikhohlisa izilawuli eziyisisekelo ukuthi zigibele ngokushesha ama-valve okugcwalisa. Lokhu kucisha okuhlala njalo kushisa ama-relay ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kumelwe unciphise lokhu kudlidliza komzimba ukuze ugcine ukuqina kwesistimu. Ukunciphisa imishini nokuhlunga isignali kuba yizidingo ezibalulekile zobunjiniyela ukuze usebenze okuthembekile.
Ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali kudinga ukukhethwa kwempahla ngokucophelela. Amaqembu okunakekela ahlala engeza ama-biocides anamandla ukubulala amagciwane ayingozi. Basebenzisa ama-anti-scaling agents anolaka ukuze bavikele izishintshisi zokushisa. Izingxube ze-Glycol zivimbela ukuqhwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwasebusika. Lawa makhemikhali anokhahlo agqwala amapulasitiki avamile ngokushesha. Bancibilikisa izinsimbi ezishibhile esikhathini esiyizinyanga. Udinga ukumelana namakhemikhali okuqinile ukuze uvimbele ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukucacisa izinto ezingalungile kuholela ngqo ekwephukeni kwezindlu kanye namasekethe amafushane angaphakathi.
Izindawo okusetshenzwa kuzo zibhekana nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa. Izinqubo zezimboni zilahla ukushisa okukhulu kuzihibe zokupholisa. Izilungiselelo zokupholisa uketshezi lwesikhungo sedatha zisebenza ngaphansi kwemikhawulo eqinile yokushisa. Isimo sezulu sasebusika sethula izingozi eziqinile zokuqhwaza ezitsheni zangaphandle. Kufanele uhlole amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza ngaphambi kokucacisa noma iziphi izisetshenziswa. Ukushisa okudlulele kwehlisa amandla kagesi angaphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amanzi aqandayo ayanda futhi aphihlize kalula izindlu ezithambile. Onjiniyela kufanele balandise ngalokhu kudlulela kwesizini ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala sokucaciswa.
Ukuhlola Ubuchwepheshe Benzwa Yezinhlelo Zokupholisa
Onjiniyela kufanele bafanise izindlela zokuthola izinselele ezithile zemvelo. Abukho ubuchwepheshe obubodwa obuxazulula yonke inkinga yokulinganisa kahle. Kufanele ukale amandla endlela ngayinye uqhathanisa nezingozi eziyingqayizivele zokusebenza kwesikhungo sakho.
Ukushintsha kwe-Mechanical Float
Ukuntanta kwemishini kunikeza izindleko eziphansi zehadiwe zangaphambili. Nokho, bathwala umthwalo omkhulu wesondlo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Bathembele ekunyakazeni ngokomzimba ukuze bahambise iswishi yomhlanga kazibuthe. Sizincoma kumasistimu wamanzi ahlanzekile amancane kuphela. Ungacacisa iyunithi yemishini eyisisekelo yezindawo zokuhlala ezilula. Kodwa-ke, i-calcium buildup ixhuma kalula lezi zingxenye ezihambayo. Zihluleka njalo ekufakeni amanzi aqinile. Uzochitha isikhathi esibalulekile uzihlanza mathupha ukuze ubuyisele ukusebenza.
Izinzwa ze-Optical / Photoelectric
Amamodeli abonakalayo ahlinzeka ngokutholwa kwezinga lephoyinti lokunemba okuphezulu. Azikho nhlobo izingxenye ezihambayo. I-footprint ehlangene izenza zibe zinhle kakhulu ezikhaleni zokufaka eziqinile. Babona umehluko ekukhanyeni kokukhanya phakathi komoya noketshezi. Ngeshwa, ama-prism optical adinga ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile. I-algae noma isikali esinzima sizovala ilensi ebucayi. Kufanele uwahlanze ukuze uvimbele ukufundwa 'okumanzi' okungamanga. Zisebenza kangcono emathangeni amnyama, avalelwe lapho ulwelwe lungakwazi ukukhula khona.
Izinzwa Zezinga Elinamandla
Ubuchwepheshe be-Capacitive busebenza kahle emathangeni angewona awensimbi. Lawa mayunithi athola ubukhona boketshezi ngokuqondile ngezindonga zepulasitiki. Le ndlela iqeda ngokuphelele ukugqwala kokuxhumana okuphakathi. Iphinde yeqa izindaba zokukala ngokuphelele. Indawo kagesi izwa ukushintsha kwe-dielectric lapho amanzi ekhuphuka ngaphakathi kwethangi. Uthola ukwethembeka okukhethekile ngokugcina izinto zikagesi zomile ngokuphelele. Zimelela ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu phezu kwezinto ezintantayo zemishini zemiklamo yesimanje yesitsha sepulasitiki.
Izinzwa ze-Ultrasonic / Radar
Ama-acoustics angathinteki ahlinzeka ngamakhono okulinganisa aqhubekayo amahle kakhulu. Iyunithi ye-ultrasonic isebenza njengokuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo inzwa yezinga lombhoshongo yokupholisa yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezinkulu. Ihlala ivikelekile ngokuphelele kumakhemikhali amanzi anolaka. I-transducer ayilokothi ithinte indawo ewuketshezi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele uhlele izindawo zokukhweza ngamasu. Izakhiwo zethangi zangaphakathi zibangela kalula ukuphazamiseka kwe-ultrasonic. Ukubeka ngokucophelela kuvimbela ukubuya kwe-echo okungamanga kusuka kumapayipi nezitebhisi.
I-Conductivity Probes
Ama-conductivity probes anikeza ukulawula okuthembekile kwezinga lephoyinti kuthangi lensimbi. Baqala ukugcwalisa okunembayo noma imiyalo engenalutho ngokulinganisa ukumelana nogesi. Uketshezi lusebenza njengekhondatha phakathi kwezinsimbi ezimbili zensimbi. Kufanele usebenzise i-alternating current (AC) kulawa masekhethi kagesi. I-Direct current idala i-probe electrolysis esheshayo kanye nokwehluleka okuyinhlekelele. Ziphatha kahle amazinga okushisa aphezulu uma zicushwe kahle.
Ithebula 1: Ukuqhathanisa Ubuchwepheshe Benzwa Yezinhlelo Zokupholisa
Uhlobo Lobuchwepheshe |
Isicelo Ideal |
Ukuba sengozini Okukhulu |
Imfuneko Yesondlo |
I-Mechanical Float |
Amanzi ahlanzekile, izitsha ezincane |
Ukuhambisa izingxenye ze-jam kusuka ku-calcium |
Okuphezulu (Ukuhlanza ngesandla njalo) |
Inzwa yokubona |
Izivalo eziqinile, ezimnyama |
I-Prism iphuphuthekisa kusuka ku-algae |
Okumaphakathi (Ukusula ilensi ngezikhathi ezithile) |
I-Capacitive Sensor |
Amathangi epulasitiki noma angewona awensimbi |
Izindonga zamathangi aminyene zivimba izimpawu |
Phansi kakhulu (Akukho othintana naye owuketshezi) |
I-Ultrasonic / Radar |
Imibhoshongo emikhulu yokupholisa izimboni |
Ukugxambukela kwesakhiwo |
Phansi (Ukuhlolwa kwe-transducer ngezikhathi ezithile) |
I-Conductivity Probe |
Amathangi ensimbi anezinga eliphezulu lokushisa |
I-Electrolysis uma kusetshenziswa amandla e-DC |
Okumaphakathi (Ukwehliswa kwenduku) |
Ukucaciswa Okubalulekile kanye Nezidingo Zokuhlanganisa
Ukukhetha Okubalulekile (Izingxenye Ezimanzisiwe)
Kufanele uhlole izinto zokwakha izindlu ngokumelene nekhemikhali yoketshezi ngokuqinile. Ama-biocides alulaza ngokushesha i-PVC ejwayelekile noma izifakelo zethusi ezishibhile. Ukuziba ukuhambisana kwezinto kuqinisekisa ukuphila okufushane kokusebenza. Landela le mihlahlandlela yezinto ezijwayelekile:
I-316L Stainless Steel: Imelana nezithasiselo eziningi zokupholisa zentengiso ngempumelelo futhi iphatha amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
I-Polypropylene (PP): Iphatha amanzi ahlanzekile ayisisekelo kanye nezindawo ezine-asidi epholile.
I-PTFE (i-Teflon): Inikeza isivikelo sokugcina samaluphu amakhemikhali anolaka kakhulu futhi ivimbele ukunamathela okuqinile kwesikali.
Amakhono Emisebenzi eminingi
Amasistimu esimanje azuza kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwezinzwa ezihlakaniphile. Cabangela ukwethembeka okuqinile kokukhipha amadivayisi wokulinganisa ahlanganisiwe. Ukulinganisa amapharamitha amaningi endlini eyodwa kuqondisa izintambo kakhulu. Yehlisa kakhulu inani lokungena kwethangi elidingekayo. Uthola idatha ebalulekile yokushintsha isivinini sabalandeli kalula. Ukulandelela ipharamitha ekabili kuphinde kwenza kube lula ukuqondana kokuvikela iqhwa kumayunithi angaphandle. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kunciphisa amaphuzu avuzayo angaba khona ezinhlelweni eziwuketshezi ezinomfutho.
Okukhipha Amasignali & Izilawuli
Isakhiwo sakho sokulawula sibeka ifomethi edingekayo yokuphumayo. Izimpawu ze-analog ezifana ne-4-20mA noma i-0-10V zinika amandla ukuqapha kwevolumu okuqhubekayo. Bavumela abalawuli ukuthi balandelele amanani aqondile okuhwamuka ngesikhathi sangempela. Okuphumayo kwedijithali noma okudluliselwe kusebenza kangcono ekulawuleni iphampu elula. Izakhiwo zesimanje zesikhungo sedatha zidinga amaphrothokholi okuxhumana athuthukile. Gcizelela ukuhambisana kwe-IoT ne-BMS ukuze kuhlanganiswe indawo engenamthungo. Okuphumayo okujwayelekile kuvumela ukushintshwa kwehadiwe kube lula esikhathini esizayo.
Imikhawulo yesikhala ivamise ukukhomba uhlobo oluphathekayo lwedivayisi. Izinzwa ezime phezulu ezibekwe phezulu zigcina izintambo ezizwelayo zingekho endaweni yokuchaphaza. Amayunithi abekwe phansi asebenza kahle emikhumbi yokucindezela evalwe ngokugcwele. Ukukhweza odongeni oluvundlile kunikeza ukufinyelela okusheshayo kochwepheshe bezokulungisa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi gxila ekufinyeleleni ngokomzimba ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi esizayo. Kufanele ushiye igumbi elanele ukuze ususe iyunithi ukuze uhlanzwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Umshini obekwe kabi awuvamile ukuthola izindlela zokunakekela ezifanele.
Uhlelo Lokusebenza Oluthize Lwesinqumo
Izimboni ezihlukene zibhekana namaphrofayili engcuphe ahluke ngokuphelele. Kufanele wenze ngendlela oyifisayo uhlaka lwakho lokukhetha lohlelo oluqondiwe. Indlela ejwayelekile ayivamile ukuphumelela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza.
Isikhungo Sedatha Ukupholisa Uketshezi
Izikhungo zedatha azikubekezeleli nhlobo ukuvuza. Ukugijima okomile kubangela izehlakalo ezishisayo ezishisayo ngamaminithi. Kumelwe ubeke phambili izinzwa ezingasebenzi kakhulu, eziqinile. Idinga okuphumayo kwedijithali kokuhlanganiswa kwe-BMS okusheshayo nokucupha i-alamu. Izakhiwo eziqinile zokulwa nokugqwala akuxoxiswana ngazo ngoketshezi lwe-dielectric. Izihibe zamanzi alungisiwe nazo zidinga ukuhambisana kwezinto ezihlanzekile. Izinsiza zivame ukugunyaza ukusethwa kwezinzwa ezimbili ukuze kubuyelwe emuva okubalulekile.
Heavy Industrial Cooling Towers
Ukupholisa izimboni kudinga ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wamanzi nsuku zonke. Sigxila esilinganisweni sezinga eliqhubekayo sisebenzisa amayunithi e-Ultrasonic athuthukile noma e-Radar. Lawa masistimu aqapha amazinga okuhwamuka kwawo ngokuqhubekayo. Idatha isiza opharetha ukuphatha amashejuli anembile womthamo wamakhemikhali. Beka phambili ukuqina okwedlulele kanye nokumelana nokudlidliza okusindayo. Izinzwa kumele zisinde ezimeni ezinonya, ezisebenza ubusuku nemini. Ngokuvamile zisebenza ezindaweni ezingcoliswe kakhulu zomkhathi.
Izipholile Zezentengiselwano ze-HVAC Evaporative
Amayunithi ophahleni lwezentengiso adinga ukwethembeka okungabizi kakhulu. Gxila ekushintsheni okuqinile kwezinga lephoyinti kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile. Izinzwa zamehlo noma izintanta ezivikelwe kakhulu zisebenza kahle kakhulu. Izinto zokusebenza kumele zimelane nokuvalwa okude kwesizini. Iphinde ibhekane nokukala okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuqala kwehlobo. Ukuhlanganiswa okulula nokushintsha okulula kushayela lezi zinketho ezithile zedizayini. Hlela izingxenye zakho ukuze wenze kube lula izindlela zokunakekela zesizini.
Izingozi Zokusebenzisa kanye Nezifundo Zokukhishwa
Ukweqa I-Trbulence
Ukuyaluza kobuso konakalisa ukuzinza kwesignali ngokushesha. Seluleka kakhulu ukuthi kufakwe imithombo eqinile yokuthulisa. Ungawakha kalula ngamapayipi e-PVC afakwe slot. Ipayipi livikela isici sokulinganisa ekunyakazeni okuqondile kwamanzi. Iqinisekisa ukufundwa okuzinze kakhulu ngisho nangesikhathi sokuhamba ngephampu okunolaka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okulula komshini kuvimbela ukuziphatha kwe-valve okungaqondakali. Kuhlala kuwumkhuba ongcono kakhulu womkhakha wokusethwa kwemicengezi evulekile.
Ukuvikelwa kwezintambo kanye nokungena
Umswakama uchitha ama-electronics amahle kakhulu ngesenzo se-capillary. I-Condensation yehla ngezintambo ezingavalwanga kahle zingene ngqo endlini yezinzwa. Sigcizelela ukubaluleka okuphelele kwezixhumi ezilinganiselwe ze-IP67 noma ze-IP68. Ukubekwa uphawu okulungile kuvimbela ukungena komswakama unomphela. Ngaso sonke isikhathi bopha izintambo phansi ukuze udale umphetho we-drip ovikelayo. Ungawabukeli phansi amandla abhubhisayo omswakama ophezulu embhoshongweni wokupholisa.
Amashejuli Okunakekela
Kufanele usethe okulindelwe ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo kwamathimba akho okunakekela. Alukho umshini ocwilisiwe ongenakulungiswa ngokuphelele emanzini okupholisa ayiluphu evulekile. Ukunqwabelana kwamaminerali njalo kwenzeka ekugcineni. Sebenzisa izindlela zokusevisa eziqinile, ezisebenzayo.
Hlela ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo okusekelwe kudatha yesifunda yobulukhuni bamanzi.
Ihlukanise ngokuphelele inzwa ku-loop yokulawula esebenzayo ngaphambi kokuhlanza.
Sebenzisa ama-asidi e-descaling amaphakathi agunyazwe okokusebenza okukhethekile kwezindlu.
Hlanza ingxenye kahle ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngaphambi kokufakwa kabusha.
Qinisekisa ukulinganisa isignali mathupha ngaphambi kokuletha iluphu yokupholisa ku-inthanethi.
Ukulungiswa okusebenzayo kuvimbela ukwehluleka kwezimo eziphuthumayo phakathi nemithwalo yokupholisa ephezulu yasehlobo.
Isiphetho
Onjiniyela bavame ukuthola kusenesikhathi ukuthi ingxenye eshibhe kakhulu idala umthwalo omkhulu wokulungisa. Ukuntanta okujwayelekile kwemishini kwehluleka ngokubikezelwa ezindaweni zokupholisa ezinzima. Ukukhetha kwakho kokugcina kufanele kuhambisane ngokuqinile nekhwalithi yamanzi endawo. Kufanele ilingane ngokufanele usayizi wendawo yonke. Idinga futhi ukusekela amakhono akho athile okuhlanganisa. Ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe besifunda esiqinile noma obungathintani nabo kuveza ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside.
Qala ngokucubungula kahle ikhemistri yakho yamanzi okupholisa. Khomba amaminerali athile kanye nama-biocides asebenzayo kumaluphu akho. Isisekelo sokungenayo kwesistimu yakho yokulawula ukuze unqume izinhlobo zesignali ezidingekayo. Nquma phakathi kwesilawuli esilula sasendaweni nokuhlanganiswa kwe-BMS okuthuthukisiwe. Qedela lokhu kuhlola okubalulekile ngaphambi kokucela amasampula noma amashidi emininingwane kubakhiqizi. Ukuhlela kahle kuqinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa isixazululo esithembekile, esinganakekelwa kahle.
FAQ
Q: Iyiphi inzwa yezinga lamanzi enokwethenjelwa kakhulu ezindaweni zamanzi aqinile?
A: Izinzwa ze-ultrasonic ezinamandla noma ezingaxhunywanga zisebenza kahle kakhulu. Zidlula ngokuphelele izindaba zokukala ezitholakala ekuntanteni kwemishini. Ngenxa yokuthi amayunithi e-capacitive azwa ngezindonga zepulasitiki, i-calcium ayilokothi ithinte isici sokuzwa. Izinguqulo ze-Ultrasonic zibhampa amaza omsindo avela phezulu, okugcina i-transducer iphume ngokuphelele oketshezini olunamandla.
Q: Ingabe inzwa eyodwa ingaqapha kokubili izinga le-liquid nezinga lokushisa?
IMP: Yebo, imiklamo eminingi yesimanje ifaka ama-thermistors e-NTC ahlanganisiwe ngaphakathi kwezindlu ezinkulu. Lokhu kuqiniswa konga isikhala esibalulekile ngaphakathi kwezitsha zokupholisa ezihlangene. Inciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bezintambo kanye nesikhathi sokufaka. Iyunithi esebenza kabili ihlinzeka ngedatha eshisayo ebucayi ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ivikela izimo eziyingozi zokomisa.
Q: Umisa kanjani isiyaluyalu ukuthi singabangeli ukufundwa kwamanga embhoshongweni wokupholisa?
A: Kufanele ufake umthombo wokuthulisa. Leli payipi eliboshiwe livikela inzwa ekuyaluzeni okuqondile kwendawo. Ukwengeza, ungahlela ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi kwe-elekthronikhi kuphaneli yokulawula. Lokhu kuhlunga kwesignali kuziba ukuchaphazeka kwesikhashana. Okokugcina, hlala ubeka inzwa kude nama-inlets amanzi aneziyaluyalu kanye nezindawo zokumunca iphampu enamandla.
Q: Kungani izinzwa zeleveli yokubona zihluleka kuma-coolers ahwamukayo angaphandle?
A: Ilanga eliqondile namanzi afudumele kukhuthaza ukukhula kolwelwe ngokushesha. Le filimu yebhayoloji imboza i-prism ebonakalayo entekenteke. Inzwa ibe isizabalaza ukuhlukanisa phakathi komoya noketshezi, okuholela ekufundweni okungamanga. Unganciphisa lokhu ngokusebenzisa amashejuli okuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile noma usebenzisa imiklamo ye-opaque tank ukuvimba ukukhanya kwelanga.
